I-chromatography, ekwabizwa ngokuba "yi-chromatographic analysis", "chromatography", yindlela yokwahlula kunye nohlalutyo, enoluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezicelo kwi-analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry kunye nezinye iinkalo.
Umseki wechromatography yingcali yezityalo yaseRashiya uM.Tsvetter.Ngowe-1906, isazi ngezityalo saseRashiya uZvetter sapapasha iziphumo zolingelo lwakhe: Ukuze kwahlulwe ibala lezityalo, wagalela iether yepetroleum eneentyatyambo zezityalo kwityhubhu yeglasi enecalcium carbonate powder yaza yayikhupha ngepetroleum ether ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi.Ngenxa yokuba ii-pigments ezahlukeneyo zine-adsorption capacities ezahlukeneyo kumphezulu we-calcium carbonate particles, kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha, ii-pigments ezahlukeneyo zehla ngesantya esahlukileyo, ngaloo ndlela zenza iibhanti zemibala eyahlukeneyo.Amalungu e-pigment ahlulwe.Wabiza le ndlela yokwahlula ngechromatography.
Umelo olucwangcisiweyo lomfuniselo wokwahlula umbala wamagqabi esityalo
Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lweendlela zokuzahlula, izinto ezininzi ezingenambala ziba yinto yokwahlula, i-chromatography nayo yalahlekelwa yintsingiselo "yombala", kodwa igama lisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.
Ukuhlelwa kweChromatographic
Undoqo wechromatography yinkqubo apho iimolekyuli eziza kuhlukaniswa zihlulwe kwaye zilungelelaniswe phakathi kwesigaba sokumisa kunye nesigaba seselula.Izinto ezahlukeneyo zahlulahlulwe ngokwahlukileyo phakathi kwezi zigaba zimbini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zihambe ngezantya ezahlukeneyo kunye nesigaba esihambayo.Ngokuhamba kwesigaba esihambayo, amacandelo ahlukeneyo kumxube ahlukaniswe omnye komnye kwisigaba sokumisa.Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela, inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo.
1, ngokwesigaba sesibini sokwahlulwa kombuso womzimba
Isigaba esiphathwayo: Ichromatography yerhasi, ulwelo lwechromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography
Isigaba esimileyo: i-gas-solid, i-gas-liquid;Ulwelo-oluqilima, ulwelo-ulwelo
2, ngokohlobo lokuhlela isigaba esimileyo
Ikholam yechromatography: ikholamu epakishwe ichromatography, ikholamu yekhromatografi yecapillary, ikholamu epakishwe ngekhromatografi, ichromatography elungiselelayo
I-Plane chromatography: i-chromatography yephepha, i-chromatography ebhityileyo, i-polymer membrane chromatography
I-3, ihlelwe ngokwendlela yokwahlula
I-Adsorption chromatography: Amacandelo ahlukeneyo ahlulwe ngokuhambelana ne-adsorption yawo kunye namandla e-desorption kwii-adsorbents.
I-partition chromatography: Amacandelo ahlukeneyo ahlulwe ngokokunyibilika kwawo kwi-solvent
Ichromatography yokukhutshwa kwemolekyuli: ngokobungakanani bobungakanani bemolekyuli yokwahlula ln ion exchange chromatography: amacandelo ahlukeneyo obudlelwane bokwahlula i-ion-exchange resin.
I-Affinity chromatography: Ukwahlula kusetyenziswa ubukho bobudlelwane obuthile phakathi kwe-biological macromolecules.
I-Capillary electrophoresis: amacandelo ahlulwe ngokomahluko wokuhamba kunye / okanye ukuziphatha kokwahlula
I-chromatography ye-Chiral isetyenziselwa ukwahlula kunye nohlalutyo lweziyobisi ze-chiral, ezinokuthi zihlulwe zibe ngamacandelo amathathu: indlela ye-reagent ye-chiral derivatization;Indlela yokudibanisa isigaba seChiral;Indlela yokusombulula inqanaba leChiral
Isigama esisisiseko sechromatography
Iigophe ezifunyenwe ngokucwangcisa izibonakaliso zokuphendula zamacandelo emva kokufunyanwa kwe-chromatographic ukwahlukana ngokuchasene nexesha kuthiwa yi-chromatograms.
Isiseko:Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile zechromatographic, ijika lomqondiso owenziweyo xa kuphela isigaba esihambayo sidlula kwisistim somtshini sibizwa ngokuba sisiseko, njengoko kuboniswe kumgca we-ot.Xa imeko yovavanyo yayizinzile, isiseko sasingumgca ohambelana ne-axis ethe tye.Isiseko sibonisa ingxolo yesixhobo, ngokukodwa umtshini, ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Ubude bencopho:umgama othe nkqo phakathi kwencopho yechromatographic kunye nesiseko, esiboniswa ngu-h, njengoko kubonisiwe kumgca we-AB.
Ububanzi bommandla:Ububanzi bengingqi yencopho yechromatographic inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlula.Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokuchaza ububanzi bencopho yechromatographic: ukutenxa umgangatho σ, incopho yobubanzi W, kunye ne-FWHM W1/2.
Ukutenxa okusemgangathweni (σ) :σ ngumgama wesiqingatha phakathi kwamanqaku amabini okuguquguquka kwijika eliqhelekileyo lokusabalalisa, kwaye ixabiso le-σ libonisa iqondo lokusasazwa kwamacandelo kude noluhlu.Ixabiso elikhulu lika σ, kokukhona usasazwa ngakumbi amalungu amdaka, kwaye kokukhona isiphumo sokwahlukana sibi.Ngokuchasene noko, amacandelo amdaka agxininiswe kwaye umphumo wokwahlula ulungile.
Incopho yobubanzi W:Amanqaku e-intersection kumacala omabini encopho yechromatographic asetyenziswa njengemigca ye-tangent, kwaye i-intercept kwisiseko ibizwa ngokuba yi-peak wide, okanye ububanzi besiseko, obunokubonakaliswa njengo-W, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure IJ.Ngokomgaqo wokusasazwa okuqhelekileyo, ubudlelwane phakathi kobubanzi obuphezulu kunye nokutenxa okusemgangathweni kunokungqinwa njenge-W=4σ.
W1/2:Ububanzi bencopho kwisiqingatha sobude obuphezulu bubizwa ngokuba yi-FWHM, njengoko kubonisiwe kumgama we-GH.W1/2=2.355σ, W=1.699W1/2.
I-W1 / 2, i-W zombini iphuma kwi-σ kwaye isetyenziselwa ukubala iindawo eziphakamileyo ngaphezu kokulinganisa umphumo wekholomu.Umlinganiselo we-FWHM ulungele ngakumbi kwaye usetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.
isishwankathelo esifutshane
Ukusuka kwi-chromatographic peak outflow curve, ezi njongo zilandelayo zinokufezekiswa:
a, Uhlalutyo lokufaneleka lwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lokugcinwa kweencopho zechromatographic
b, uhlalutyo lobungakanani obusekwe kwindawo okanye kwincopho yencopho yechromatographic
C. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlula kwekholamu kwavavanywa ngokwexabiso lokugcinwa kunye nencopho yobubanzi bencopho yechromatographic.
Ifomula yokubala ebandakanyekayo kwikromatografi
1. Ixabiso lokugcina
Ixabiso lokugcinwa liyiparameter esetyenziselwa ukuchaza iqondo apho isampulu yesampulu igcinwe kwikholamu kwaye isetyenziswe njengesalathisi sokubonakaliswa kwechromatographic.Indlela yokumelwa kwayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ixesha logcino tR
Ixesha lokufatM
Lungisa ixesha logcino tR'=tR-tM
(Lilonke ixesha elichithwe kwisigaba sokumisa)
Umthamo wogcino
I-VR=tR*F.(izimele kwisigaba sesantya esihambayo)
Umthamo ofileyo
VM=tM*Fc
(Isithuba esingasetyenziswanga sisigaba esimileyo kwindlela yokuhamba ukusuka kwi-injector ukuya kwi-detector)
Lungisa umthamo wogcino weVR'=t'R*Fc
2. Ixabiso lokugcina elizalanayo
Ixabiso lokugcinwa elizalanayo, elikwabizwa ngokuba yi-separation factor, i-partition coefficient ratio okanye i-related capacity factor, ngumlinganiselo wexesha elilungisiweyo lokugcinwa (umthamo) wecandelo elivavanyiweyo kwixesha elilungisiweyo logcino (umthamo) lomgangatho phantsi kweemeko ezithile zekhromatografi.
Amaxabiso okugcina anxulumeneyo asetyenziselwe ukuphelisa impembelelo yeemeko ezithile zokusebenza, ezifana nesantya sokuhamba kunye nelahleko elungisiweyo, kumaxabiso okugcina.Umgangatho kwixabiso elihambelanayo lokugcinwa linokuba licandelo kwisampulu evavanyiweyo okanye ikhompawundi eyongezwe ngokungeyomfuneko.
3. Isalathiso sokugcina
Isalathiso sokugcina isalathiso sokugcinwa kwezinto i-i ukuba ivavanywe kwisisombululo esisisigxina X. Ii-n-alanes ezimbini zikhethwa njengezinto zokubhekisela, enye inenombolo ye-N carbon kwaye enye ine-N + n.Ixesha labo logcino oluhlengahlengisiweyo ngu-t 'r (N) kunye ne-t'r (N+n), ngokulandelelanayo, ukuze ixesha logcino oluhlengahlengisiweyo t 'r (i) lwento i-i eza kuvavanywa libe kanye phakathi kwazo, oko kukuthi, t'r (N).
Isalathiso sokugcina singabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
4. Ubungakanani bomthamo (k)
Kwi-equilibrium, umlinganiselo wobunzima becandelo kwisigaba esimileyo (s) ukuya kwinqanaba elihambayo (m), elibizwa ngokuba yi-capacity factor.Ifomula yile ilandelayo:
5, i-Partition coefficient (K) Ngokulingana, umlinganiselo woxinaniso lwecandelo kwisigaba esimileyo (s) ukuya kwisigaba esihambayo (m), esibizwa ngokuba yi-partition coefficient.Ifomula ilandelayo
Ubudlelwane phakathi kuka-K kunye no-k:
Ibonisa uhlobo lwekholamu kunye neqhina layo elibalulekileyo iimpawu zesakhiwo
isishwankathelo esifutshane
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokugcinwa kwexabiso kunye nemeko yesikhundla kunye ne-coefficient yokwahlula:
Ukwahlulwa kweChromatographic kusekwe kumahluko kwi-adsorption okanye isakhono sokunyibilika secandelo ngalinye kwisampulu esisigxina ehambelanayo, enokuthi ibonakaliswe ngokobungakanani besahlulelo se-coefficient K (okanye umthamo we-factor k) ixabiso.
Amacandelo ane-adsorption eyomeleleyo okanye amandla okuphelisa ane-coefficient enkulu yokwahlula (okanye i-capacity factor) kunye nexesha elide lokugcinwa.Ngokwahlukileyo, amacandelo ane-adsorption ebuthathaka okanye ukunyibilika ane-coefficient encinci yokwahlula kunye nexesha elifutshane lokugcina.
Ithiyori esisiseko yechromatography
1. Ithiyori yetreyi
(1) Beka phambili -- thermodynamic theory
Yaqala ngemodeli yepleyiti yenqaba ecetywe nguMartin noSynge.
Ikholamu yokuqhawula: kwi-tray ngamaxesha amaninzi okulingana kwegesi-ulwelo, ngokwendawo yokubilisa yokwahlula okwahlukileyo.
Ikholomu: Amacandelo alungelelaniswa ngamacandelo amaninzi phakathi kwezigaba ezibini kwaye ahlulwe ngokwee-coefficients zokwahlula ezahlukeneyo.
(2) Ingcamango
(1) Kukho iitreyi ezininzi kwikholamu, kwaye amacandelo anokufikelela ngokukhawuleza ukulingana kokusabalalisa ngaphakathi kwexesha le-tray (oko kukuthi, ukuphakama kwetreyi).
(2) Isigaba esihambayo singena kwikholomu, kungekhona ngokuqhubekayo kodwa i-pulsating, oko kukuthi, isicatshulwa ngasinye singumthamo wekholomu.
(3) Xa isampuli yongezwa kwiplate yekholomu nganye, ukusasazeka kwesampuli kunye ne-axis yekholomu kunokungahoywa.
(4) I-coefficient yokwahlula ilingana kuzo zonke iitreyi, ezizimeleyo kumlinganiselo wamacandelo.Oko kukuthi, i-coefficient yesahlulelo sihlala sihleli kwi-tab nganye.
(3) Umgaqo
I-Schematic diagram yethiyori yetreyi
Ukuba inxalenye yobunzima beyunithi, oko kukuthi m=1 (umzekelo, 1mg okanye 1μg), yongezwa kwiNombolo ye-0 yetreyi, nasemva kokulingana kolwabiwo, kuba k=1, oko kukuthi ns=nm, nm=ns=0.5.
Xa umthamo weplate (lΔV) yegesi ye-carrier ingena kwi-plate 0 ngendlela ye-pulsation, i-carrier carrier equkethe inxalenye ye-nm kwisigaba segesi iqhutywe kwi-plate 1. Ngeli xesha, inxalenye ye-ns kwisigaba se-liquid ye-plate 0 kunye necandelo le-nm kwisigaba segesi seplate 1 iya kuhanjiswa kwakhona phakathi kwezigaba ezibini.Ngoko ke, inani elipheleleyo lamacandelo aqulethwe kwi-plate 0 yi-0.5, apho i-gas kunye nezigaba zamanzi ziyi-0.25 nganye, kwaye inani elipheleleyo eliqulethwe kwi-plate 1 nayo i-0.5.Izigaba zegesi kunye nolwelo nazo zaziyi-0.25.
Le nkqubo iphinda iphindwe rhoqo xa igesi ethwala umthamo weplate entsha ifakwe kwikholamu (jonga itafile engezantsi).
(4)I-Chromatographic outflow curve equation
σ kukutenxa okusemgangathweni, lixesha logcino, uC luxinzelelo nangaliphi na ixesha,
C, i-injection concentration, oko kukuthi, inani elipheleleyo lamacandelo (indawo ephezulu A).
(5) iiparamitha ezisebenzayo zekholomu
Kwi-tR engaguqukiyo, i-W encinci okanye i-w 1/2 (oko kukuthi, i-peak encinci), inani elikhulu lamacwecwe e-theoretical n, encinci ye-plate ye-theory, kunye nokuphakama kokuhlukana kobuchule bekholamu.Kukwanjalo nangetreyi yethiyori esebenzayo neff.Ngoko ke, inani lethiyori yeetreyi liyisalathisi sokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kweekholomu.
(5)Iimpawu kunye neentsilelo
> Izinto eziluncedo
Ithiyori yetreyi isemi-empirical kwaye ichaza ubume begophe lokuphuma
Iinkqubo zokwahlulahlula kunye nokwahlula amacandelo zibonisiwe
Isalathiso sokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwekholomu sicetywayo
> Unyino
Amacandelo akanako ngenene ukufikelela kwi-equilibrium yolwabiwo kwizigaba ezibini:
Ukusasazwa kobude becandelo kwikholamu ayinakungahoywa:
Impembelelo yezinto ezahlukeneyo zekinetic kwinkqubo yokudluliselwa kobuninzi ayizange ithathelwe ingqalelo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwesiphumo sekholomu kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwesigaba seselula asinakuchazwa:
Akucaci ukuba zeziphi izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela umphumo wekholomu
Ezi ngxaki zisonjululwa ngokwanelisayo ngokwethiyori yezinga.
2. Ithiyori yokukala
Kwi-1956, umphengululi waseDatshi uVanDeemter et al.ifunxe ingqikelelo yethiyori yetreyi, yaze yadibanisa imiba yekinetic echaphazela ukuphakama kwetreyi, yabeka phambili ithiyori yekinetic yenkqubo yechromatographic - ithiyori yereyithi, kwaye yafumana i-equation yeVanDeemter.Ijonga inkqubo yechromatographic njengenkqubo eguquguqukayo engalinganiyo kwaye iphonononga impembelelo yeemeko zekinetic kwincopho yokwandisa (oko kukuthi, isiphumo sekholamu).
Kamva, Giddings kunye Snyder et al.icetywayo ngereyithi yolwelo lwekhromatography equation (ebizwa ngokuba yiGiddings equation) esekwe kwiVanDeemter equation (kamva eyabizwa ngokuba yirhasi chromatography equation rate equation) kwaye ngokomahluko wepropati phakathi kolwelo negesi.
(1) Van Deemter equation
Phi: H: yimpakamo yebhodi
A: i-coefficient ye-eddy diffusion term
B: i-coefficient ye-molecular diffusion term
C: i-coefficient yexesha lokumelana nokudluliselwa kobuninzi
(2) Giddings equation
Uhlalutyo lobungakanani kunye nomgangatho
(1) Uhlalutyo lomgangatho
Uhlalutyo lwekhromatographic esemgangathweni kukuqinisekisa iikhompawundi ezimelwe yincopho nganye yechromatographic.Kuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zinamaxabiso aqinisekileyo okugcina phantsi kweemeko ezithile zechromatographic, ixabiso lokugcinwa linokusetyenziswa njengesalathiso somgangatho.Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wechromatographic okwangoku zisekwe kumaxabiso okugcina.
Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezahlukeneyo zinokuba namaxabiso afanayo okanye afanayo okugcina phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zechromatographic, oko kukuthi, amaxabiso okugcina awahlukanga.Ngaloo ndlela kunzima ukuphawula isampuli engaziwayo ngokupheleleyo ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso ogcino kuphela.Ukuba ngokwesiseko sokuqonda umthombo, ubunjani kunye nenjongo yesampulu, isigwebo sokuqala sokuqulunqwa kwesampuli sinokwenziwa, kwaye ezi ndlela zilandelayo zingasetyenziselwa ukugqiba i-compound emelwe yi-chromatographic peak.
1. Ulawulo lokufaneleka usebenzisa izinto ezicocekileyo
Phantsi kweemeko ezithile zechromatographic, into engaziwayo inexesha elichaziweyo lokugcinwa.Ke ngoko, into engaziwayo inokuchongwa ngokomgangatho ngokuthelekisa ixesha lokugcinwa kwento eyaziwayo enyulu phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zechromatographic kunye nexesha lokugcinwa kwezinto ezingaziwayo.Ukuba ezi zimbini ziyafana, into engaziwayo inokuba yinto eyaziwayo enyulu;Ngaphandle koko, into engaziwayo ayiyiyo into ecocekileyo.
Indlela esulungekileyo yokulawula iziyobisi isetyenziswa kuphela kwinto engaziwayo ekwaziwa ukubunjwa kwayo, ukubunjwa kwayo kulula, kwaye into emsulwa eyaziwayo.
2. Indlela yexabiso logcino olunxulumeneyo
Ixabiso logcino olunxulumeneyo α, libhekisa kuhlengahlengiso phakathi kwecandelo i kunye nemathiriyeli yereferensi Umlinganiselo wamaxabiso okugcina:
Itshintsha kuphela ngokutshintsha kwe-fixative kunye nobushushu bekholomu, kwaye ayinanto yakwenza nezinye iimeko zokusebenza.
Kwinqanaba elithile elimileyo kunye nobushushu bekholamu, amaxabiso okugcina alungelelanisiweyo ecandelo i kunye ne-reference substance s ayalinganiswa ngokulandelelanayo, aze abalwe ngokwale fomyula ingentla.Amaxabiso okugcina afunyenweyo anokuthelekiswa ngokomgangatho kunye namaxabiso ahambelanayo kuncwadi.
3, ukongeza izinto ezaziwayo ukunyusa indlela yokuphakama kwencopho
Xa kukho amacandelo amaninzi kwisampulu engaziwayo, iincopho zechromatographic ezifunyenweyo zixinene kakhulu ukuba zichongwe ngokulula ngale ndlela ingasentla, okanye xa isampulu engaziwayo isetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwento echaziweyo kuphela.
"Kuqala ichromatogram yesampulu engaziwayo iyenziwa, kwaye emva koko enye ichromatogram ifunyenwe ngokudibanisa into eyaziwayo kwisampuli engaziwayo."Izixhobo ezinobude obuphezulu obuphezulu ziyakwazi ukwaziwa ngezinto ezinjalo.
4. Gcina indlela esemgangathweni yesalathiso
Ukugcinwa kwesalathiso sibonisa ukuziphatha kokugcinwa kwezinto kwizinto ezilungiswayo kwaye okwangoku sesona salathisi sisetyenziswa kakhulu nesivunyiweyo kwihlabathi jikelele kwi-GC.Ineenzuzo zokuzala kakuhle, umgangatho ofanayo kunye ne-coefficient encinci yokushisa.
Isalathiso sokugcinwa sihambelana kuphela neempawu zesigaba sokumisa kunye nobushushu bekholomu, kodwa kungekhona kwezinye iimeko zokulinga.Ukuchaneka kwayo kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona kuhle kakhulu.Ngethuba nje ukushisa kwekholomu kufana nesigaba sokumisa, ixabiso loncwadi lingasetyenziselwa ukuchongwa, kwaye akuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa izinto ezicocekileyo zokuthelekisa.
(2)Uhlalutyo lobungakanani
Isiseko sobungakanani bechromatographic:
Umsebenzi wohlalutyo lobungakanani kukufumana ikhulu lamacandelo kwisampulu edibeneyo
Umxholo wamaqhezu.I-Chromatographic quantification yayisekelwe koku kulandelayo: xa iimeko zokusebenza zihambelana, yayi
Ubunzima (okanye ugxininiso) lwecandelo elilinganisiweyo lichongwa ngumqondiso wokuphendula onikwe ngumtshini
Iyalingana.Oko kukuthi:
Isiseko sobungakanani bechromatographic:
Umsebenzi wohlalutyo lobungakanani kukufumana ikhulu lamacandelo kwisampulu edibeneyo
Umxholo wamaqhezu.I-Chromatographic quantification yayisekelwe koku kulandelayo: xa iimeko zokusebenza zihambelana, yayi
Ubunzima (okanye ugxininiso) lwecandelo elilinganisiweyo lichongwa ngumqondiso wokuphendula onikwe ngumtshini
Iyalingana.Oko kukuthi:
1. Indlela yokulinganisa indawo encopho
Ummandla wencopho yidatha yobungakanani obusisiseko obunikezelwa yichromatograms, kwaye ukuchaneka komlinganiselo wommandla wencopho kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo zobungakanani.Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa zisetyenzisiwe kwiincopho zechromatographic ezinemilo encopho eyahlukeneyo.
Kunzima ukufumana ixabiso elichanekileyo lobusika kuhlalutyo lobungakanani:
Kwelinye icala ngenxa yobunzima bokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo umthamo wokutofa ngokupheleleyo: kwelinye icala.
Indawo encopho ixhomekeke kwiimeko zechromatographic, kwaye umcu wechromatographic kufuneka ugcinwe xa ixabiso lilinganisiwe.
Akunakwenzeka kwaye akunakwenzeka ukwenza into efanayo.Kwaye nokuba ungayifumana ngokufanelekileyo
Ixabiso elichanekileyo, kwakhona ngenxa yokuba akukho mgangatho odibeneyo kwaye awukwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo.
2.Ubungakanani bokulungiswa kwezinto
Inkcazo ye-quantitative correction factor: inani lamalungu angena kwi-detector (m)
Umyinge wendawo encopho yechromatographic (A) okanye ukuphakama kwencopho () yiproportionality engaguqukiyo (,
Ulungelelwaniso olungaguqukiyo lubizwa ngokuba yinto epheleleyo yolungiso lwecandelo.
Kunzima ukufumana ixabiso elichanekileyo lobusika kuhlalutyo lobungakanani:
Kwelinye icala ngenxa yobunzima bokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo umthamo wokutofa ngokupheleleyo: kwelinye icala.
Indawo encopho ixhomekeke kwiimeko zechromatographic, kwaye umcu wechromatographic kufuneka ugcinwe xa ixabiso lilinganisiwe.
Akunakwenzeka kwaye akunakwenzeka ukwenza into efanayo.Kwaye nokuba ungayifumana ngokufanelekileyo
Ixabiso elichanekileyo, kwakhona ngenxa yokuba akukho mgangatho odibeneyo kwaye awukwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo.
Oko kukuthi, ulungiso olunxulumeneyo 'yecandelo licandelo kunye nemathiriyeli yereferensi s
Umlinganiselo wemiba yolungiso ngokupheleleyo.
Ingabonwa ukuba i-factor correction factor is when the quality component against the standard.
Xa i-substance s ilingana, indawo ephezulu yereferensi yesixhobo yindawo ephezulu yecandelo
Ezininzi.Ukuba elinye icandelo linobunzima m kunye nendawo eyincopho A, ngoko ke inani le-f'A
Amaxabiso alingana nommandla wencopho wemathiriyeli yereferensi enobunzima be.Ngamanye amazwi,
Ngokusebenzisa i-factor correction factor, iindawo eziphakamileyo zecandelo ngalinye zinokwahlulwa
Iguqulelwe kwindawo ephakamileyo yezinto ezibhekiselele ezilingana nobunzima bayo, ngoko umlinganiselo
Umgangatho umanyene.Ke le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokufumana ipesenti yecandelo ngalinye
Isiseko sobuninzi.
Indlela yokufumana umba wokulungisa unxulumano: amaxabiso olungiso anxulumeneyo athelekiswe kuphela nokuba
Umlinganiselo unxulumene nomgangatho kunye nodidi lomtshini, kodwa kumgca wokusebenza
Ayinamsebenzi lonto.Ke ngoko, amaxabiso anokufunyanwa kwiimbekiselo kuncwadi.Ukuba isicatshulwa
Ukuba awukwazi ukufumana ixabiso elifunekayo kumnikelo, unokumisela ngokwakho.Indlela yokuzimisela
Indlela: Ubungakanani obuthile besixhobo esilinganisiweyo ishumi lezinto ezichongiweyo zereferensi → zenziwe kugxininiso oluthile
Imimandla encopho yechromatographic A kunye ne-As yamacandelo amabini alinganisiwe.
Nantso ifomula.
3. Indlela yokubala yobungakanani
(1) Indlela yokulungelelanisa indawo
Isimbuku somxholo wawo onke amaqhezu angenancopho yabalwa njenge 100% yobalo
Indlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-normalization.Ifomula yayo yokubala imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Apho i-P,% isiqulatho sepesenti yamacandelo avavanyiweyo;A1, A2... A n licandelo 1.Indawo encopho ye-1~n;f'1, f'2... f'n sisidibanisi solungiso kumacandelo 1 ukuya ku-n.
(2) indlela yomgangatho wangaphandle
Indlela yokuthelekisa ubungakanani phakathi komqondiso wokuphendula wecandelo eliza kuvavanywa kwisampuli kunye necandelo elicocekileyo eliza kuvavanywa njengolawulo.
(3) Indlela yomgangatho wangaphakathi
Into ebizwa ngokuba yindlela yomgangatho wangaphakathi yindlela apho umlinganiselo othile wezinto ezicocekileyo zongezwa kwisisombululo esiqhelekileyo sezinto ezivavanyiweyo kunye nesisombululo sesampuli njengomgangatho wangaphakathi, kwaye emva koko uhlalutye kwaye unqunywe.
(3)indlela yokudibanisa eqhelekileyo
Indlela yokudibanisa esemgangathweni, eyaziwa ngokuba yindlela yokongeza yangaphakathi, kukudibanisa umyinge othile we (△C)
Ireferensi yento yovavanyo yongezwa kwisisombululo sesampulu esiza kuvavanywa, kwaye uvavanyo longezwa kwi-assay
Incopho yesisombululo sesampulu emva kokuba i-substance iphezulu kuneyo yesisombululo sokuqala
Ukunyuswa kwendawo (△A) kusetyenziswe ukubala ukuxinana kwento kwisampulu yesisombululo
Umxholo (Cx)
Apho iAx iyindawo encopho yento enokulinganiswa kwisampulu yokuqala.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-27-2023